Geography
Greece is situated in southeast Europe on the Mediterranean. The mainland consists of the following regions: Central Greece, Peloponnese, Thessaly (east/central), Epirus (west), Macedonia (north/northwest) and Thrace (northwest). Euboea, the second-largest of the Greek islands, lying to the east of the central region, is also considered to be part of the mainland region. The Peloponnese peninsula is separated from the northern mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth.

The northern mainland is dissected by high mountains (such as the Pindus) that extend southwards towards a landscape of fertile plains, pine-forested uplands and craggy, scrub-covered foothills. The islands account for one-fifth of the land area of the country. The majority are thickly clustered in the Aegean between the Greek and Turkish coasts. The Ionian Islands are the exception; they are scattered along the west coast in the Ionian Sea. The Aegean archipelago includes the Dodecanese, lying off the Turkish coast, of which Rhodes is the best known; the Northeast Aegean group, including Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, Lesvos and Samos; the Sporades, off the central mainland; and the Cyclades, comprising 39 islands (of which only 24 are inhabited).For the purposes of clarity, information on Where to Go within Greece has been divided into mainland Greece, in the first part of the section (with five regional sections plus Athens), and the Greek islands, in the latter part of the section (with six island groups plus Crete). These do not necessarily reflect administrative boundaries.
Note: (a) Following an initiative by the Greek government, opening hours and fees for major museums and archaeological sites are now uniform throughout the country. Archaeological sites with adjoining museums charge a single admission fee, allowing entry to both at no extra cost. Visitors have access to these attractions Tues-Sun 0830-1500. (b) Tourist police in the main tourist destinations are trained to assist visitors with accommodation, maps, timetables, details of places to visit and special events. All wear flag badges denoting which language(s) they speak. English and German are fairly common. Do not hesitate to ask them for help.

Athens
Capital of Greece and the country’s largest city, Athens is dominated by the flat-topped hill of the Acropolis, site of the 2400-year-old Parthenon, one of the most famous classical monuments in the world. Close by lie the Theater of Dionysus and the restored Odeon of Herodes Atticus, a superb theater in which open-air performances of the International Athens Festival are held from June to September. The ruins of the civic, political and commercial center of the Ancient Agora can be visited, as can the reconstructed Hellenistic Stoa of Attalos, which houses the Agora Museum. Most artifacts are displayed in the National Archaeological Museum on Patission Street. The old quarter of the town, Plaka, which spreads around the Acropolis, is picturesque with its famed flea market, small tavernas, craft shops and narrow winding alleys. The excavations of the Library of Hadrian can be observed from Pandrossou Street. The center of modern Athens, most notably the chic area of Kolonaki, has many designer boutiques, smart restaurants and international-class hotels. The city has a thriving nightlife, with most bars and clubs staying open until at least 0300.

Piraeus
Lying at the innermost point of the Saronic Gulf just outside Athens, and connected to the center by metro, Piraeus is the city’s main port. From here, ferries leave regularly for the Islands (see the information on the Greek Islands).

Central Greece with Euboea
The area surrounding Athens, known as Attica, is characterized by calm beaches, and the pinewoods and thyme-covered slopes of Mount Parnes, Hymettus and Pentelico. As one travels northwest, towards the interior, the landscape combines fertile plains planted with tobacco and cotton, and rugged mountains with unspoilt villages and winter ski resorts.

Cape Sounio
69km (43 miles) east of Athens, crowning Cape Sounio is a towering promontory which dominates the landscape for miles around. Here stand the superb ruins of the Temple of Poseidon, built in the fourth century BC, commanding spectacular views over the sea and islands. The Apollo Coast, a highly developed tourist area stretching from Piraeus to Cape Sounio, is dotted with exclusive resorts such as Glifada (17km/11 miles from Athens) and Vouliagmeni (24km/15 miles from Athens), offering marinas, well-kept beaches, modern hotel complexes, seafood tavernas and luxury-class restaurants and nightclubs. North of Cape Sounio lies Rafina, Athens’ second port, with ferry connections to Euboea and some of the Greek Islands.

Ossios Loukas
Northwest of Athens, close to the town of Livadia, stands the magnificent monastery of Ossios Loukas. Within the monastery complex one can visit the 11th-century Church of St Luke, noted for its marvelous Byzantine mosaics, and the 13th-century Church of the Virgin, built by Cistercian monks who occupied the monastery during the Middle Ages. Livadia, built into the foothills of Mount Helikon, was famous in ancient times for the Oracle of Trophonios Zeus, the Springs of Forgetfulness (Lethe) and Memory (Mnemosyne) to the north of the town.

Delphi
Lying 176km (109 miles) northwest of Athens, Delphi can be reached by road via Livadia and Arahova. This is the site of the famous Oracle, where rulers of ancient Greece came for many centuries for political and moral guidance. The complex of treasury buildings, plinths and the foundations for the fourth-century BC Temple of Apollo are set on the steep rocky hillside, overlooking olive groves and the Sanctuary of Athena, known as the Marmaria (marbles). A steep uphill climb from the Temple brings one to the theater, offering stunning views over the entire site, and further uphill still lies the ancient stadium. The Delphi Museum contains a superb collection of finds from the site.
Many visitors to Delphi stay overnight in nearby Arahova, a pretty hillside town renowned for its cheese, formaela. Alternatively, a short distance southwest of Delfi, on the northern coast of the Gulf of Corinthia, lie the seaside towns of Itea and Galaxidi, offering hotels, restaurants and beaches. A regular bus connects Athens and Itea, passing through Arahova and Delphi enroute.

Mount Parnassus
Close to Arahova, on the main road from Athens to Delphi, lie the southern slopes of Mount Parnassus, which towers 2457m (8061ft) over the Gulf of Corinth. Through winter (December to April) the mountain hosts a number of well-equipped ski resorts, and the area is popular with hikers during spring and autumn.

Euboea
The island of Euboea is the second-largest in Greece after Crete. A major bridge (road and rail) spans the narrow Evripos Strait that separates the island from the mainland, to arrive in the main town, Halkida, a well-developed tourist resort. Euboea is an island of great natural beauty and scenic variety, with sandy beaches and secluded coves, wooded mountainsides ideal for climbing, and many peaceful and unspoilt villages. Regular train and bus services run between Halkida and Athens, and there is a ferry from Rafina.

The Peloponnese
Lying to the south of the country, the Peloponnese, rich in history and diverse landscapes, is joined to Central Greece by a massive road and rail bridge spanning the Canal of Corinth.

Nafplio
An ideal base for exploring the ancient sites of the northeast Peloponnese, from 1824 to 1834, Nafplio was the capital of the newly formed state of Greece, before this role was passed to Athens. Considered by many as one of the country’s loveliest towns, the historic center is made up of narrow winding streets with Neo-classical and Ottoman-style buildings. Seafood restaurants line the seafront, looking out to the tiny fortified island of Bourdzi. High above the town stands Palamidi, a Venetian fortress. Close by lies the beautiful Karathona Bay, with a wide sand beach, backed by eucalyptus trees. Just north of Nafplio stands Tiryns (Tirintha), the ruins of an ancient fortress made up of massive limestone blocks, dating back to the 13th century BC.

Mycenae
North of Nafplio lies the ancient fortified city of Mycenae. The fortress is entered through the Lion Gate, named after the two magnificent lions (now unfortunately headless) carved into the rock above the doorway. Within the walls, excavations have uncovered the palace complex, while close by on the hill of Panagitsa, the Treasury of Atreus (an underground tomb, 36m (118ft) long and 6m (20ft) wide) is considered the most impressive example of Mycenaean architecture.

Corinth
North of Mycenae lies Corinth. The modern city, despite its beautiful location, is unremarkable, having been destroyed by an earthquake in 1858, rebuilt but destroyed again in 1928. However, 8km (5 miles) away, on the northern slopes of Akrokorinthos Hill, are the ruins of Ancient Corinth (Arhea Korinthos), where the remains of the Temple of Apollo are still to be seen. On the hilltop stands Acrocorinth (Akrokorinthos), with a medieval fortress built upon an ancient site. From the highest point, once the Temple of Afrodite, one can enjoy a magnificent panorama.

Epidaurus
East of Nafplio stands the impressive open-air Epidaurus Theater, dating back to the fourth century BC. The acoustics are perfect, and there is seating for 14,000. From July to August, each weekend, the Epidaurus Festival offers performances of ancient Greek dramas in this magical setting.
East of Epidaurus, jutting out from the Peloponnese peninsula, lies Methana, an important spa town since ancient times, with sulphuric waters and modernized hydrotherapy installations.

Patras
Patras is a thriving commercial and industrial port, and the third most important town in Greece. From here, daily ferry services connect the country to Italy and the Ionian islands. Southwest of Patras, at Kyllini there are mineral springs, hydropathic installations, new hotels and a public beach. The stretch of coast south of Kyllini as far as Kiparissia offers plenty of good beaches and seaside resorts. East of Patras, one can travel through the deep Vouraikos Gorge, taking a spectacular train journey from Diakofto to Kalavrita.

Olympia
Olympia, the original site of the Olympic Games, which begun in 776 BC, and the site where the Olympic Flame is still lit today, can be reached by train or by the mountain road from Kalavrita, or along the coast, via Patras and Pyrgos. The site is a mass of marble inscriptions, restored temples and civic buildings, including the Temple of Zeus, which once housed the colossal gold and ivory statue of Zeus, one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Ancient World’ (later taken to Constantinople and destroyed in a fire). There is also a good Archaeological Museum on the site, and a Museum of the Olympic Games located in the modern town of Olympia. Southeast of Olympia at Bassae (Vasses) is the well-preserved monumental Temple of Apollo Epicurius, dating back to the fourth century BC.

Pilos
Northeast of Pilos, at Mystra, lie the ruins of a fortified Byzantine city, once inhabited by 42,000 citizens but now home to just a small number of nuns. In the lower town, which was the religious center, stand the 13th-century frescoed Cathedral and several interesting churches and monasteries. In the Upper Town, where the aristocrats lived, stand numerous palazzi (palaces), notably the Palace of the Despots, built between the 13th and 15th centuries. The site is crowned by the ruins of a hilltop Kastro (Castle). East of Mytras lies Sparta. Now a provincial town with parks, broad avenues and a pleasant atmosphere, it was once a powerful city-state, notorious in ancient history for the austerity of its regime.

Mystras
Lefkas, joined by a narrow strip of land to the Greek mainland, is a green and fertile island which is surrounded by many islets. Excursions, involving some mountain climbing, can be made in the center of Lefkas, near the Stavrota Mountain. There is good swimming and fishing in the villages of Agios Nikitas on the northwestern coast, Ligia on the southeastern coast or Vassiliki (which is also popular with windsurfers) on the southwestern coast.

Mani
Located on the southernmost point of mainland Greece, the Mani peninsular is known for its rocky mountains and barren landscapes, and medieval villages made up of towers and churches. Githio, a peaceful holiday resort with good facilities, makes a good base for exploring the area. Of particular note are the semi-abandoned village of Vathia with its numerous stone towers, and the amazing Caves of Dirou, a vast network with underground channels and huge caverns, which can be visited by boat.

Monemvassia
Built into a rocky promontory overlooking the sea, almost on the southeastern tip of the Peloponnese, stands the spectacular medieval fortified town of Monemvassia. Made up of cobbled alleys and old stone houses, the town is crowned by a hilltop Citadel and the Byzantine church of St Sophia, both of which offer splendid views of the town and gulf below.

Thessaly
The fertile plain of Thessaly in Central Greece is surrounded by high mountains: the Pindus Range to the west, Olimpus (Olimbos) to the north, Ossa, Pelion (Pilio) and Othris to the east, and Trimfrestos to the south. The River Pinios, flowing down from the western slopes of the Pindus, cuts Thessaly in two and passes through the Valley of Tempi to meet the sea.
The region’s capital, Larissa, is an important industrial center and traffic node (road and rail), with good shopping and nightlife and plentiful cafes. The main port, Volos, situated on Pagasiticos Bay, is largely modern, due to repeated destruction by earthquakes. However, there is a pleasant seafront with cafes and restaurants, and frequent ferry services for the Sporades (see the information on the Greek islands). Close by, on the slopes of Mount Pelion, stand the pretty villages of Makrinitsa and Vizitsa, noted for their traditional architecture, and the winter sports center of Hania.
Mount Olympus, home of Zeus and the immortal gods and land of the Centaurs, is Greece’s highest mountain, standing 2917m (9570ft). Walking tours depart from the village of Litohoro, where one finds hostels, hotels and tavernas.
To the west, above the Pinios Valley and the town of Kalambaka, just as the Pindus Range begins to form, stand the incredible cliff-top monasteries of the Meteora. Perched upon bizarre vertical rock formations of up to 300m (984ft) high, a total of 24 monasteries, some with beautiful Byzantine frescoes, were founded here during the 15th-century. Several are open to the public (accessed by a series of steep steps carved into the rocks), notably Megalo Meteoro and Varlaam Monastery.

Epirus
Lying between the Ionic Sea and Thessaly, in the northwest corner of the Greek peninsula, Epirus is the most mountainous region in Greece. Due to its isolation, locals here have retained many of their traditions: costumes, dances and handicrafts.
The chief settlement, Ioannina, overlooking Ioannina Lake, reached its peak during the 18th century under the Ottomans when it was an important administrative center and home to the notorious Ali Pascia, Istanbul’s local representative at that time. The town has conserved a marked eastern atmosphere, thanks to a bazaar and several mosques, notably Aslan Pacha Mosque, which now houses the Museum of Popular Art.
North of town lies the spectacular Perama Cave, filled with stalactites, stalagmites and running waters. Further north still, one enters the mountainous area of Zagoria, noted for its dense pine forests, wildlife (wolves and bears) and picturesque stone villages. Here, contained within the Vikos-Aoos National Park lies the dramatic Vikos Gorge, a canyon formed by the River Aoos, popular with hikers.
South of Ioannina lie the archaeological remains of Dodoni, notably the well-conserved theater dating back to the third century BC, where open-air performances are held during summer. On the coast, built around a bay, the pretty town of Parga is backed by pine woods, olive groves and orchards. Here one finds a 16th-century Venetian fortress, whitewashed houses, hotels and an excellent sandy beach.

Macedonia
Bordering onto Albania, Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of) and Bulgaria, Macedonia stands slightly apart from the rest of the country; its scenery and climate have more in common with the adjoining Balkans, the mountains being bitterly cold in winter. Though little known by foreign tourists, this is still a particularly beautiful part of Greece, rich in historical monuments and archaeological sites. The region’s capital, Thessaloniki, is the second-largest city in Greece. A modern industrial port, partly protected by impressive city walls, it is home to the superb Archaeological Museum, housing the ‘Treasures of Ancient Macedonia’. On the seafront, the imposing 16th-century White Tower, built by the Ottomans as part of the city’s defense system, houses an excellent Byzantine Art Collection. Churches of note include the fourth-century Rotonda (also known as St George’s), Agios Dimitrios with its seventh-century mosaics, and the eighth-century Agia Sofia, converted into a mosque during Ottoman rule. The main ancient sites are the Arch of Galerius built in AD 297, and the ruins of the Roman Agora.
Southeast of Thessaloniki are the three mountainous peninsulas of Halkidiki: Kassandra, Sithonia and Agio Oros (Mount Athos). Kassandra and Sithonia shelter Northern Greece’s best beaches and are both popular holiday resorts. However, Mount Athos, with its renowned monasteries, is undoubtedly the region’s highlight. The first religious community, Megistis Lavras, was founded here in AD 963. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, the number of monasteries multiplied, until there were about 30,000 monks living in the area. Today, about 1500 monks remain (predominantly Greeks, but also some Russians, Bulgarians and Serbs), housed in 20 monasteries. Women (and female animals) are refused entry, but men can gain a special permit by proving religious or scholarly interests. For further information, contact: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate of Churches, Zalokosta 2, Athens (tel: (210) 368 1000/2000/2311/3000/4000), or the Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace, Directorate of Political Affairs, Plateia Diikitiriou, 541 23 Thessaloniki (tel: (2023) 103 7900). East along the coast, Kavala is a modern, commercial seaside port with hotels, beaches, museums, restaurants and tavernas. The old town retains many traditional features, notably the aqueduct and Byzantine fortress. There are some good sand beaches, and facilities for fishing, water-skiing and sailing. From here one can reach the island of Thassos, another popular summer retreat with fine beaches, hotels, and some interesting ancient ruins. North of Kavala, Filippoi is one of Macedonia’s most extensive archaeological sites. Named after the father of Alexander the Great, it is where Caesar’s murderers, Brutus and Cassius, were defeated by Octavius in 42 BC, and is believed to be the site of St Paul’s first recorded preaching in Greece.
West of Thessaloniki, at Vergina (Aigai), findings from the monumental fourth-century BC ‘royal tombs’ are displayed in an excellent museum, housed underground, within one of the former burial mounds.
Further west still, overlooking Kastoria Lake, lies the beautiful town of Kastoria, home to some exquisite frescoed Byzantine churches and an important fur coat industry. From Kastoria, driving north to the border with Albania and Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of), are the Prespa Lakes (Limnes Prespes) contained within the Prespa Lakes National Park.

Thrace
Going east from Macedonia, the towns and villages become more oriental in style. Xanthi is an attractive small town clinging to the hilly sides of the Remma Valley. Southwest of Xanthi is Avdira. Nearby Lagos, built on the narrow strip of land in the lagoon, is rich in wildfowl. One of the best northern beaches is 8km (5 miles) east of Fanari. The main road dips down to the coast before going inland again to Komotini, further east, then follows the coast via Nea Hili to Alexandroupolis, which has an archaeological museum of local finds. North from here is Soufli, famous for its silks. East from here lies the River Evros, marking the natural boundary with Turkey.

Saronic Islands
Lying south of Athens and to the east of the Peloponnese, these islands are within easy reach of the capital, with regular ferry and hydrofoil services running from the port of Piraeus. Aegina, Hydra, Poros, Salamis and Spetses are the most popular islands, with Hydra as the indisputable highlight.

Salamis
(Perama, 1 nautical mile.) Closest to the mainland, Salamis (Salamina) can be reached from both Piraeus and Perama. There are reasonable sandy beaches at Iliakti, Kanakia, Moulki and Peristeria, though the island’s natural beauty is somewhat spoilt by the proximity of heavy industry. The island has good roads and a network of bus and taxi services.

Aegina
(Piraeus, 17.5 nautical miles.) Famed for pistachios and ceramics, Aegina (Egina) makes a perfect daytrip from Athens, thanks to its excellent beaches, clear seas and proximity to Piraeus. Boats arrive at the main port, Aegina Town. East from here, on top of a wooded hill offering panoramic views, stands the Temple of Aphaia made up of 22 Doric columns erected in the fifth century BC. On the coast, below the temple, Agia Marina is the island’s most popular resort, thanks to its long sandy beach. South of Aegina Town lies Perdika, a pretty fishing village with a good sandy beach and boat trips running to the small wooded islands of Angistri and Moni. Aegina is relatively flat. Bicycles are available for hire, and it is possible to take a ride in a horsedrawn carriage. The island is also served by buses and taxis.

Poros
(Piraeus, 35 nautical miles.) Poros is a thickly wooded island separated from the Peloponnese by a very narrow channel. Regular boats cross the channel from Galatas, on the Peloponnese mainland. There is also a service from Piraeus. The island was formed through the union of two smaller islands, Kalavria and Sphaeria. The chief settlement, Poros Town, is known for its white buildings with blue woodwork, typical of Greek island architecture. Close by lie the remains of the Sanctuary of Poseidon, built in the sixth century BC. The best sand beaches lie at Askeli and Neorio.

Hydra
(Piraeus, 42 nautical miles.) A barren, rocky, car-free island, Hydra (Idra) is popular with artists and jet-setters, primarily for the beauty of its chief settlement and port, Hydra Town. Built into the hill overlooking the harbor, Hydra Town is a labyrinth of steep cobbled streets, filled with chic bars, restaurants and art galleries. 500m (1640ft) above town stands a monastery, offering fantastic views out over the sea. There are a number of small hotels and private rooms to rent, though visitors should make reservations well in advance as Hydra is extremely busy through high season. Being so rocky, there are few good beaches, but it is possible to swim south of town at Kaminia, Molos and Vlichos, and north of town at Mandraki.

Hydra -Greece

Spetses
(Piraeus, 35 nautical miles.) Located at the southern extremity of the Saronic Gulf, Spetses has long been a popular holiday retreat for wealthy Athenians, who are attracted here by good beaches, beautiful pine woods and fresh air. Cars are forbidden, except to residents. Bicycles are available for rent, and the island is served by buses and taxis. There are plenty of good hotels and entertainment facilities in the chief settlement, Spetses Town. The best beaches lie at Agia Anangiri and Agia Pasaskevi.

Ionian Islands
Located off the west coast of mainland Greece, the seven Ionian Islands (Cephalonia, Corfu, Ithaki, Kythira, Lefkada, Paxi and Zakinthos) are comparatively isolated from one another. Consequently, through the centuries each one has developed its own identity. The most popular islands are Cephalonia, Corfu and Kythira. Ferry connections to each destination are given within their relative section.

Corfu
(Igoumenitsa, 18 nautical miles.) The northernmost island of western Greece, Corfu is the best-known, busiest and most cosmopolitan of the Ionian islands. Although its natural beauty has led to rampant commercialization along parts of the coast, visitors who arrive during spring or autumn will still find idyllic beaches, romantic landscapes studded with cypresses and olive groves, and unspoilt inland villages.
The capital, Corfu Town, is presided over by two imposing Venetian fortresses and gives onto a series of pretty harbors and bays. With Italian, French and English influences evident in its architecture, it is made up of wide avenues and large squares, among them the graceful Spianada or esplanade, cobbled alleyways, arches and colonnades. Worth visiting are the Archaeological Museum, which houses finds from local excavations; the Byzantine Museum, with a fine collection of icons; and the Museum of Asiatic Art. The Town Hall, a splendid example of 17th-century Venetian architecture, and the 12th-century Byzantine Church of St Jason and Sosipater and the Church of St Spyridon are also of interest. At Kanoni, on the tip of a small peninsular south of the town center, a narrow causeway leads to the much photographed Monastery of Vlacherna. From here, it is possible to take a boat to the tiny island of Pondikonissi, crowned by a 13th-century church.
South of Corfu Town, at Gastouri, stands the 19th-century Achillion, the summer palace of Empress Elizabeth of Austria, surrounded by beautiful Italian-style gardens. West of town, built into a rocky hill, lies the village of Pelekas, reputedly the best place to watch the sunset. Close by, the Ropa Valley (Livaditou Ropa) is home to the excellent Corfu Golf Club. North of town lie the popular seaside resorts of Ipsos, Kassiopi and Sidari, the latter known for its unique rock formations and beaches, which have unfortunately been somewhat spoilt by commercial development. Northwest of Corfu Town, the fortunately unspoilt resort of Paleokastritsa offers crystal clear seawater and two delightful sandy coves for bathing. Close by stands Angelokastro, a 13th-century Byzantine fortress.
Corfu can be reached by ferry from either Patras (see Peloponnese section) or Igoumenitsa (on the northwest coast of mainland Greece, just south of Albania), and there are direct ferries from Italy in summer. The island’s airport offers direct flights to Athens and several other European cities.

Cephalonia
(Patras, 53 nautical miles.) Best known as the setting of Louis de Bernières Captain Corelli’s Mandolin, Cephalonia is the biggest Ionian island. The mountainous scenery, culminating with the 1600m (5250ft) Mount Enos, is dramatic and the island has a good network of roads.
The chief settlement, Argostoli, was largely destroyed in the disastrous 1953 earthquake. However, the Archaeological Museum and Folk Art Museum are both worth visiting, and the nearby beaches of Makris and Platis Gialos are perfect for bathing. Inland, close to Perata, stands the 16th-century St George’s Castle (Agios Georgios), built by the Venetians. Cephalonia’s second town, Lixouri, is peaceful and old-fashioned, and a little south from here lie some of the island’s best beaches. On the northwest coast, the village of Assos is known for its picturesque castle. Fiskardo, the northernmost harbor, is unspoilt and has some good beaches. On the east coast, the Cave of Melissani, noted for its extraordinary colors caused by the reflection of the sun’s rays through the sea, can be visited by boat. Cephalonia can be reached by ferry from Patras. The island’s airport offers direct flights to Athens.

Kythera
(Piraeus, 28 nautical miles.) Lying at the southeastern tip of the Peloponnese, Kythera is the southernmost Ionian island. Much loved by artists such as Watteau, it was often portrayed as a ‘Garden of Paradise’ and has some beautiful sand beaches.
The capital, Kythera Town, is a neat settlement overlooking the sea, close to the main port of Kapsali. The second port, Agia Pelagia, is the main tourist center. At Milopotamos stand the ruins of a Byzantine town and the Cave of St Sophia, formerly used as a chapel and adorned with frescoes, stalagmites and stalactites. Kythera can be reached by ferry from Piraeus and Monemvassia. During summer there are also direct flights from Athens.

The Cyclades
Lying east of the Peloponnese and southeast of the coast of Attica in the Aegean, a total of 30 islands make up the Cyclades, the best-known being Mykonos and Santorini. Other popular islands are Andros, Delos, Naxos, Paros and Tinos, while the small islands of the eastern Cyclades are less visited and offer only basic amenities. All can be reached by ferry from Piraeus, and several have small airports with daily fights to Athens through summer.

Andros
(Piraeus, 89 nautical miles.) Most northerly of the Cyclades, Andros is a green mountainous island planted with olive groves, vineyards and pine trees. Its capital, Andros Town, is made up of typical white cottages, plus a number of neoclassical-style town houses and the remains of a 13th-century Venetian castle. Worth visiting are the Archaeological Museum, displaying a rich collection of finds from the excavations on the island; the Museum of Modern Art, staging exhibitions of contemporary Greek artists; and the Maritime Museum.
There are many fine beaches, the largest being at Batsi, which also has several small hotels. Other places of interest are Paleopolis, the island’s ancient port, much of which now lies below the sea, though some ruins can still be seen; Panachrantou Monastery at Falika; and the Byzantine Church of Taxiarchon in Messaria. Apikia is known for its mineral springs. The principal port is Gavrio, west of Andros Town.

Tinos
(Piraeus, 86 nautical miles.) The island’s largest settlement, Tinos Town, is best known as a pilgrimage site. Each year on 25 March and 15 August, thousands of believers gather here to pay their respect to an icon of Our Lady (said to perform miracles) kept in the Church of the Annunciate Virgin (Evangelistria). The town’s second attraction is the Archaeological Museum, exhibiting finds from the ancient Temple of Poseidon. Remains of the temple itself can be seen at Kionia, northeast of town, where there is also a good beach. Buses connect Tinos Town to the island’s numerous villages, the most interesting being Pirgos, noted for its sculpture school and marble workshops, plus another pleasant beach.

Mykonos
(Piraeus, 95 nautical miles.) The most visited and most expensive of all the Greek islands, Mykonos is known for its lively nightlife and some of Greece’s best discos. It is now especially popular among the international gay community. Mykonos Town (also known as Hora) comprises a modern harbor, whitewashed houses and churches, shops selling local arts and crafts, small tavernas and cafes, and is backed by a hill with five thatched windmills. The Paraportiani Church, a complex of four chapels, is considered to be an architectural masterpiece. The Archaeological Museum exhibits finds excavated from the necropolis on the nearby islet of Rhenia. There is also a Folklore Museum. Interesting excursions can be made to the monasteries of Agios Panteleimon, close to Mykonos Town, and the Tourliani Monastery, close to the old fishing village of Ano Mera. Beaches range from cosmopolitan to secluded, the most popular being Agios Stefanos and Platis Gialos. On the south side of the island lie several unspoilt nudist beaches, the best known being Paradise and Super Paradise, which can be reached by boat from Plati Gialos. It is also possible to visit the uninhabited island of Delos (see Delos section) by boat from Mykonos Town.
Through summer, there are daily flights from Mykonos to Athens.

Delos
(Mykonos, 6 nautical miles.) The religious and political center of the Aegean in ancient times, the tiny island of Delos is said to have been the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. Today uninhabited, it is possible to visit this superb archaeological site, arriving by boat from Mykonos. Star attractions include the Avenue of the Lions, featuring five crouching stone lions, guardians of the Sacred Lake, and the Sanctuary of Apollo, made up of three temples. The Archaeological Museum exhibits archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman sculptures, including the Archaic Sphinx of the Naxians and Acroteria (Victories) from the Temple of the Athenians, found in excavations on the site.

Paros
(Piraeus, 95 nautical miles.) The island’s hinterland has undulating hills that contain the famous Parian marble. It is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination, thanks to its sand beaches, unspoilt fishing villages, reasonably priced hotels and lively nightlife. Parikia, the island’s picturesque capital and main port, is built on the site of the ancient city. There is a ruined Venetian castle and close to the port stands the impressive sixth-century Byzantine church of Ekatondapiliani (Church of a Hundred Doors). A number of good beaches lie near Naousia, the island’s second port, notably Kolimbithres, where the rugged coast forms inlets with golden sands. Of the island’s monasteries, Zoodohos Pigi Longovarda and Christou Tou Dassous are the most significant.
Antiparos is separated from Paros by a narrow channel. The main attraction on this small island is its famous cave with stalactites. There are also several hotels and a number of good sand beaches. Through summer, there are daily flights from Paros to Athens.

Naxos
(Piraeus, 103 nautical miles.) The largest and most fertile island in the Cyclades islands, Naxos lies almost in the center of the Aegean. The capital and main port, Naxos Town (also known as Hora) is crowned by the ruins of a Venetian castle. A little way out of town, the Pirgos Bellonia (Bellonian Tower) was built under Venetian rule (note the Lion of St Mark emblem) as a refuge from pirates. The island is particularly noted for its numerous sand beaches, and just south of Naxos Town lie the bathing areas of Agia Anna, Agios Georgios and Agios Prokopios. The island’s second town and port, Apolonas, also has an excellent beach. The inland village of Halki has a medieval fortress and several Byzantine churches.
Through summer, there are daily flights from Naxos to Athens.

Kea
(Piraeus, 42 nautical miles.) Kea is dotted with small cultivated valleys, sandy beaches, fruit orchards, clusters of whitewashed houses, several windmills and a large number of churches. A short distance inland from the port of Korissia lies the chief settlement Hora (also known as Kea Town). The Convent of Panagia Kastriani, overlooking Otzia Bay, is worth visiting. At Koundouro and Pisses, there are good swimming beaches.

Kithnos
(Piraeus, 54 nautical miles.) A small island, the harsh landscape of Kithnos is softened by vineyards and fig trees. Most hotels are found in the small port towns of Loutra (noted for its warm medical springs) and Merihas. The main town, Hora (also known as Messaria), is built into a barren hillside. White Cycladic cottages, churches with frescoes and icons and the islanders’ hospitality combine to make Kithnos increasingly popular with visitors in search of beauty and quiet.

Serifos
(Piraeus, 70 nautical miles.) Ships calling at the island anchor at Livadi, which is surrounded by gardens and orchards. From here the road climbs up to Hora (the chief settlement), where narrow paved alleys are lined by typical Cycladic houses and churches. Higher still stands the old Venetian fortress. Attractive beaches are to be found at Mega Livadi and Koutalas.

Siros
(Piraeus,80 nautical miles.) Siros lies at the heart of the Cycladic complex. Its capital and main port, Ermoupolis, has many notable neoclassical buildings, such as the Town Hall and the Apollo Municipal Theater (which is a miniature copy of La Scala in Milan), plus spacious public squares and impressive churches. Upper Siros retains a strong medieval flavor with city walls, narrow cobbled streets and arcades.

Sifnos
(Piraeus, 78 nautical miles.) Sifnos is the most popular of the western Cyclades. An attractive drive inland from the port of Kamares leads to the main settlement, Apollonia, made up of distinctive Cycladic houses, a number of notable churches, and the Museum of Folklore. Other places to see are the atmospheric medieval town of Kastro, and the village of Artemonas, built on gently undulating hills surrounded by picturesque windmills. There are good beaches at Faros and Vathy.

Milos
(Piraeus, 82 nautical miles.) This beautiful island has been inseparably associated with Venus since a statue of the goddess of love, which is now in the Louvre in Paris, was found here during the 19th century. A copy of the statue can be seen in the Archaeological Museum in the chief settlement, Plaka. Also of interest in Plaka are the remains of a hilltop Frankish castle and the 13th-century Byzantine Church of Thalassitras. Close to Plaka, at Tripiti, there are extensive early-Christian catacombs. The best beaches and accommodation are found at Apollonia and Adamas (the island’s port), and a number of sea caves, notably Sikia (also known as the Blue Cave) and Kleftiko, can be visited by boat.

Ios
(Piraeus, 114 nautical miles.) The chief settlement of this extremely popular island, Hora (also known as Ios Town), stands above the small harbor of Ormos and the attractive swimming beaches of Milopotas and Yalos. Hora boasts whitewashed cottages, a number of interesting churches and the ruins of a 15th-century hilltop fortress. Each year, thanks to a steady influx of visitors, numerous summer discos open up in Hora.

Northeast Aegean Islands
The four most popular islands of this group are Chios, Lemnos, Lesbos and Samos, all of which lie fairly far apart in the waters of the northeast Aegean, close to Turkey. It is possible to reach each of these islands by ferry from Piraeus.

Chios
(Piraeus, 153 nautical miles.) Lying just 8km from Turkey, this surprisingly unexploited island offers excellent beaches, unspoilt medieval towns and stunning landscapes. The north side of the island is dominated by Pelinio, a 1297m- (4255ft-) high mountain of volcanic origin. The capital and main port, Chios Town, lies on the eastern shore. Several of the town’s churches, which date back to Byzantine times, were converted into mosques by the Turks, but have since resumed their Christian function. The Byzantine Museum is housed in a former 19th-century mosque. In the hills east of town lies the splendid 12th-century monastery of Nea Moni, one of the country’s finest Byzantine monuments, with a beautiful octagonal church adorned with golden mosaics. The inland villages on the south side of the island have conserved a medieval appearance, the best examples being Pirgi and Mesta. Pirgi is unique in that all the building facades are decorated with grey and white geometric designs, known as xista. The settlement of Mesta is made up of narrow winding streets and traditional cottages, many of which offer tourist accommodation, plus a fine Byzantine church.
There is an airport, providing daily flights to and from Athens.

Samos
(Piraeus, 174 nautical miles.) Separated from Turkey by a narrow strait, Samos is an island of forested hills, olive groves, vineyards and meadows. Samos Town, the island’s capital, is divided into two parts: the new quarter, which developed during the 19th century; and the old quarter, Ano Vathi, on a hill above the port. The Archaeological Museum displays finds from Heraion, an ancient sanctuary located on the southeast coast. Pythagorio, a lively fishing port and tourist resort, was known as Tigani until 1955, when it was renamed in honor of its best known citizen, the philosopher and mathematician, Pythagoras. From Samos Town a good asphalt road runs the length of the northern coast to Potami, passing through the picturesque villages of Kokari, Tsamadou and Avlakia, each of which have good beaches close by, and Karlovassi, renowned for its excellent sweet wine.
There is an airport, providing daily flights to and from Athens.

Lesbos
(Piraeus, 118 nautical miles.) Lesbos, home of the ancient poet Sappho, is the largest island in this group, with vast olive groves, shady pinewoods, good beaches and picturesque monasteries. The capital, Mitilini, is dominated by a 14th-century castle, and has a nearby beach with good facilities. There are more good beaches at Agios Issidoros, Petra, Skala Eftalou and Vateron and along the Gulf of Kaloni on the south coast of the island. At Loutropoli Thermis, there are therapeutic springs which have been known since antiquity. Mithimna (Molivos), on the north of the island, is popular with artists and has a fine pebble beach.
There is an airport, providing daily flights to and from Athens.

Lemnos
(Piraeus, 188 nautical miles.) Lemnos is still relatively unknown to mainstream tourism. Mirina, its capital, is built on the site of an ancient city of the same name and has an Archaeological Museum housing exhibits from around the island. The hilltop castle, extended successively by the Venetians, Genovese and Turks, offers wonderful views. North of the town, close to the village of Kaspakas, lies Kaspakas Bay with several excellent sand beaches. Likewise, south of town, close to the village of Plati, lies the Bay of Plati and another large sand beach. To the east of the island, ancient ruins are found at Poliohni and Ifestia.
There is an airport, providing daily flights to and from Athens.

Sporades Islands
East of the Thessaly region on mainland Greece lie the four islands of the Sporades – Alonissos, Skiathos, Skiros and Skopelos. They are becoming very popular and it is advisable to book early, especially in the high season. It is possible to reach these islands by either ferry or hydrofoil from Volos on the mainland, and from Kimi on Euboea. Skiathos and Skiros can also be reached by plane from Athens.

Skiathos
(Volos, 41 nautical miles.) Planted with pine trees and olive groves, Skiathos is a popular tourist destination, thanks to its indented coast with numerous sandy coves. The capital, Skiathos Town, was built in 1830 on two low hills. The seafront is lined with cafes and seafood restaurants, and there is a good marina. Numerous hotels, villas and private rooms provide seasonal accommodation, and the town’s bars and discos ensure a vibrant nightlife through summer. Boat trips take tourists around the island to visit the Blue Cave, the ruins of the medieval walled town of Kastro on the south coast, and the pebble beach of Lalaria. From Skiathos Town, a good road follows the southern coast with its many bays, to arrive at the renowned pine grove beach of Koukounaries.
There is an airport, providing daily flights to and from Athens the year round.

Skopelos
(Volos, 58 nautical miles.) This island has small bays, golden sands and slopes covered with pine forests, olive groves and plum trees (prunes are a local specialty). Less busy than Skiathos, it is known for its traditional architecture and tiny white chapels. The main settlement, Skopelos Town, is made up of narrow cobbled streets, whitewashed houses and the Venetian Kastro (fortress). The island has numerous beaches, both of sand and pebble, and shallow waters safe for children.
There is an airport, providing daily flights to and from Athens during summer.

Alonissos
(Volos, 62 nautical miles.) The most distant and least populated island of the Sporades, the hills of Alonissos are covered with unspoilt woods. There are limited tourist facilities – a number of small hotels and private rooms to let. With only 10km (6 miles) of roads, the best way of getting about is by motorboat, sharing the fare. There are a number of good beaches, but as the coast has been declared a Marine Conservation Park, building development is forbidden.

Skiros
(Kimi, 25 nautical miles; Piraeus ,118 nautical miles.) The largest of the Sporades, Skiros lies far out from Volos and is most easily accessed from Kimi on Euboea. Tourist facilities are not particularly developed, though there are some beautiful sand beaches, good tavernas serving authentic seafood and local cheeses, and interesting craft shops. The main settlement, Skiros Town (also known as Horio), is made up of whitewashed cottages and narrow winding alleys, crowned by the hilltop Venetian Kastro (fortress). The Folklore Museum gives an excellent presentation of local handicrafts, and includes a reconstruction of a traditional house. Close to town lies the large sand beach of Magazia.

Dodecanese Islands
This cluster of 12 (dodeca) islands lies east of Peloponnese, closer to Turkey than to mainland Greece. All the islands can be reached by ferry from Piraeus, and distances between them are fairly small, so visitors can easily hop from one to another, swapping the relative sophistication of Rhodes and Kos for the calmer and simpler life on Tilos or Astipalaia.

Rhodes
(Piraeus, 267 nautical miles.) One of the most popular and best-developed islands in the Mediterranean, Rhodes offers international-class hotels, varied nightlife and good sports facilities. It has 370km (230 miles) of coastline and a good, well-surfaced road network, with bus services linking most of the towns and villages. Travel agents organize daily sightseeing trips to the archaeological sites and beauty spots.
The capital, Rhodes Town, lies almost at the northern tip of the island. It is made up of two distinct parts – an old town and a new town. The old town, contained within the walls of a medieval fortress, centers of the Avenue of the Knights, lined with magnificent medieval buildings, including the monumental 14th-century Palace of the Grand Masters. The 15th-century Knight’s Hospital now houses the Archaeological Museum. 2km (1.2 miles) west of the town walls lies the Acropolis of Ancient Rhodes. Many impressive ruins can still be seen, including the Temple of Apollo, and a theater and stadium dating back to the second century BC.
Just out of town lie the main tourist complexes of Faliraki on the east coast, and Ixia and Ialissos (also known as Trianda) on the west coast, all with numerous hotels and good beaches. At Filerimos, 15km (9 miles) from Rhodes Town, lie the ruins of ancient Ialisos, and 25km (16 miles) southwest from here stand the remains of ancient Kameiros. 56km (35 miles) southeast of the capital stands the delightful town of Lindos, made up of winding streets and whitewashed buildings, crowned by a 15th-century hilltop fortress standing aside an imposing ancient Acropolis. Rhodes can be reached by ferry from Piraeus. There are regular flights to Athens and several other Greek islands, plus a number of European cities.

Kos
(Piraeus, 201 nautical miles.) This fertile island boasts sandy beaches (some of black volcanic sand) and ample hotel accommodation. Most places of historical and sightseeing interest lie in or close to the main settlement, Kos Town, and can be visited on foot or bicycle (available for hire). Activity centers on Platia tou Platanou, a piazza named after the Plane Tree of Hippocrates, a massive tree (12m (39ft) in circumference), beneath which the philosopher Hippocrates is said to have taught his students. Close by, the 15th-century Castle of the Knights of St John is accessed across a drawbridge. There are also some interesting ancient Greek and Roman archaeological sites. From Kos Town, a road traverses the length of the island all the way to Kefalos, a town on the southwest coast with an old Fortress and a splendid beach. Also of note is Kardamena, a pretty fishing village and well-developed resort with many hotels and beautiful sand beaches.
Kos can be reached by ferry from Piraeus and Rhodes. There are regular flights to Athens and Rhodes.

Simi
(Piraeus, 235 nautical miles.) A lovely mountainous island with several good beaches, Simi offers limited hotels and tourist facilities. The chief settlement, Simi Town, is divided between Ano Simi (upper town) and Kato Poli (lower town). The lower town, also known as Yialos, is made up of charming pastel-colored, neoclassical mansions built close to the port, while the upper town is capped by the ruins of a castle, built by the Knights of St John. On the southwest coast stands the 18th-century Monastery of St Michel of Panormitis.
Simi can be reached by ferry from both Piraeus and Rhodes.

Karpathos
(Piraeus, 227 nautical miles.) Karpathos, a mountainous island with fertile valleys and several good beaches, lies between Rhodes and Crete. The main settlement and port, Karpathos Town (also known as Pigadia), sits in a bay on the southeast coast. It was built primarily from funds sent home by immigrants to the USA and does not reflect the traditional style found in the older villages, but has good tourist facilities and numerous hotels. From the island’s second port, Diafani, on the northern coast, a road leads to Olimbos, an isolated but well-preserved medieval village where local customs are very much alive.
Karpathos can be reached by ferry from both Piraeus and Rhodes. There are regular flights to Athens and Rhodes.

Kassos
(Piraeus, 255 nautical miles.) Kassos, the most southern of the Dodecanese lies just 3 nautical miles from Karpathos. Emborios, the port, and Fri, the principal town, are picturesque settlements, both with good beaches. Selai, a cave to the west of the village of Agia Marina, is filled with impressive stalactites.
Kassos can be reached by ferry from Piraeus.

Patmos
(Piraeus, 140 nautical miles.) St John is said to have been exiled to Patmos and was inspired to write his Revelations here. During the 11th century, the massive fortified Monastery of St John the Divine was built above the capital, Patmos Town (also known as Hora), to honor the saint. The monastery is worth visiting for its church and chapels, displaying Byzantine icons, and also for the panoramic view it affords out to sea. The island’s main tourist resorts are Skala and Grikos. Skala, made up of whitewashed houses, bars and tavernas, is also the principal port, and lies 2km (1.2 miles) from Hora Town. Grikos is built overlooking Grikos Bay and has a fine beach nearby. Patmos can be reached by ferry from Piraeus.

Kalimnos
(Piraeus, 180 nautical miles.) Kalimnos is famous for its sponge fishing – a tradition which is expressed in many folk songs and local dances. Along the northwest coast of the island there are several resorts with lovely beaches, notably Mirties and Massouri. Good hotels can also be found in the chief settlement, Pothia, a cheerful port town with brightly colored houses, founded in 1850. Close to Pothia lies Therma, a well-equipped spa with therapeutic bathing installations and overnight accommodation. The old capital, Horio, stands below the remains of a medieval castle. Kalimnos can be reached by ferry from Piraeus.

Leros
(Piraeus, 169 nautical miles.) Leros is an island of fertile valleys, green hills and unspoilt beaches. The chief settlement, Agia Marina is made up of steep winding alleyways, whitewashed houses, and several neoclassical buildings, and crowned by a 14th-century Byzantine fortress. Most hotels are found in Laki (one of the Mediterranean’s largest natural harbors) and Alinda, both of which have fine beaches.
Leros can be reached by ferry from Piraeus and by plane from Athens.

Tilos
(Piraeus, 290 nautical miles.) Little known by tourists, Tilos is a hilly island with many isolated and unspoilt beaches. The main settlements are the inland town of Megalo Horio, crowned by a medieval castle, and Livadia, the island’s port. Close to Megalo Horio it is possible to visit the monastery of Agios Antonios.
Tilos can be reached by ferry from Piraeus.

Nissiros
(Piraeus, 200 nautical miles.) This small volcanic island lies between Kos and Tilos. The capital and port, Mandraki, is built below a medieval castle. Close by at Loutra lie the renowned hot springs, while in the center of the island one can visit the vast smoldering crater, formed in 1522 by a massive volcanic explosion.
Nissiros can be reached by ferry from Kos, Piraeus and Rhodes.

Halki
(Piraeus, 302 nautical miles.) Halki is a small hilly island, little known by tourists. From the main settlement and port, Nimborio (also known as Halki), Potamo is the only beach accessible on foot, though many other beautiful unspoilt beaches can be reached by boat. The island’s second town and former capital, Horio, was built inland to avoid pirate attacks. Halki can be reached by ferry from Piraeus.

Astipalaia
(Piraeus, 165 nautical miles.) The westernmost of the Dodecanese, Astipalaia is mountainous but fertile, and little discovered by tourists. The capital, also called Astipalaia, is built on a steep hill and dominated by an austere Venetian castle. The most beautiful part of the island is around Livadia, where there is a fine sandy beach. Astipalaia can be reached by ferry from Piraeus and by plane from Athens.

Crete
(Piraeus, 174 nautical miles.) Crete is the largest and most southerly Greek island. Despite a busy tourist industry concentrated along the north coast, Crete has preserved its unspoilt nature, local traditions and ancient monuments. The Minoan culture, Europe’s first advanced civilization, developed here between 2800 and 1000 BC. When Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453, many artists took refuge on the island, founding the renowned ‘Cretan School’ of painters.
The capital and main port, Heraklion (Iraklio), offers a variety of cafes, restaurants, nightlife and sightseeing opportunities. The old town lies within the 16th-century Venetian city walls, while the harbor is protected by Koules, an imposing Venetian Fortress. The National Archaeological Museum is one of the country’s top museums, displaying finds from the Minoan era, and the History Museum tells the island’s story from Byzantine times up to the present day. Close to town stand three wonderful Minoan sites – Knossos, Malia and Phaestos. The palace at Knossos, founded in 2000 BC, was a vast city of 50,000 inhabitants, destroyed around 1600 BC by earth movements provoked by the volcanic eruption on Santorini. The highlights here are the frescoed sanctuary and the royal apartments. Another palace, built on an identical plan around a central courtyard, can be seen at Phaestos, though the frescoes here are not so well preserved. The remains of yet a third palace can be seen at Malia.
East of Heraklion, Agios Nikolaos, one of the island’s best-known holiday resorts, overlooks the Gulf of Mirambello and several fine beaches. East from here stands Sitia, another popular resort with bars, restaurants, hotels and a Venetian fortress. West of Heraklion, the well-preserved port town of Rethimno is made up of narrow winding alleys conserving a number of 16th-century Venetian stone buildings and 19th-century Turkish houses with traditional wooden balconies. At the western end of the island, Hania has a mixture of modern, neoclassical and Venetian architecture, plus a Naval Museum and good beaches.
South of Hania, the beautiful Samaria Gorge, declared a National Park, is the longest gorge in Europe. Keen hikers will be able to walk the 18km (11.2 miles) length in a day, while the less sporting can join an organized tour, departing from Hania.
The only major resort on the south side of the island is the small port of Matala, offering good sandy beaches and excellent fish restaurants.
Crete can be reached by ferry from Piraeus. There are airports at Hania, Iraklio and Sitia, with regular flights to Athens and several other Greek islands, plus a number of European cities